<no title> - Clinically-Oriented Psychology

For answers and explanations, google justpsychiatry question bank.

For how long does the short-term memory store hold the information?
1. 1 to 3 seconds
2. 7 to 12 seconds
3. About 10 seconds
4. Less than 1 second
5. Up to 30 seconds
Baddeley’s Model of Storage is also called:
1. Long term memory
2. Sensory memory
3. Short term memory
4. Visuospatial sketchpad
5. Working memory
Regarding the levels of processing of information during memory encoding, deep processing means:
1. What does it mean and how does it look like?
2. What does the term look and sound like?
3. What does the term look like?
4. What does the term sound like?
5. What is the meaning of the term?
During assessment, a patient suspected to have dementia was reminiscing about old times. He could not recount the details of a trip he had with his family to London. His wife reminded him of some of the events after which he could recall several other events from the trip. What helped enhance recall?
1. Encoding
2. Maintenance rehearsal
3. Priming
4. Reinstatement effect
5. Retrieval cues
An elderly man is being tested for cognitive deficits. While the patient is trying to recall the days of the week in reverse order, what type of memory would be used:
1. Episodic
2. Procedural
3. Semantic
4. Sensory
5. Short-term
Is long term memory—as described in the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory, a permanent storage?
1. Evidence favors it may be
2. Evidence favors it may not be
3. Evidence is inconclusive so far
4. No, information is lost over time
5. Yes, by definition
An alcoholic, who when sober cannot recall what occurred when drunk, only to remember again next time when he/she drink too much. This is best described as
1. Blocking
2. Context dependent memories
3. Encoding failure
4. Failure of retrieval
5. State dependent memories
A teacher helps students to organize information on the blackboard, starting with a schema idea with branches of ideas sprouting from those descriptors. The teacher told students that information organized in the brain similarly is better understood and recalled. This is the idea of:
1. Clustering
2. Hierarchies
3. PDP model
4. Schemata
5. Semantic networks
The testing effect refers to:
1. Earlier testing leads to misremembering
2. Enhanced effects of rehearsal after self-testing
3. Enhanced long-term memory after rehearsal
4. Organization of information into concepts after testing
5. Repeated self-testing enhances retention
This type of memory can only hold about 5-9 items at a time before it is displaced. Choose the best match:
1. Episodic
2. Long term
3. Recent
4. Sensory
5. Short term
Keeping the reliability of eyewitness testimonies from memory point of view, should a judge use eyewitness testimony when determining the guilt of somebody?
1. No, even our clearest memories are not near a factual as we believe.
2. No, its poor reliability is unacceptable for court cases
3. Yes, our memories are mostly reliable
4. Yes, our memories are vivid and clear enough to pick out criminals.
5. Yes, sometimes it might be useful.
A middle-aged alcohol-dependent woman presented to you with amnesia following Wernicke encephalopathy, most likely due to Korsakoff psychosis. Which of the following would be unaffected on clinical testing?
1. Orientation
2. Recall at 5 minutes
3. Recall of long-term information
4. Recall of recent events
5. Registration
You are trying to help a person think about his home phone. You give him phone as the first clue word, which however, makes him think of work phone and cellphone too. This failure is best described by:
1. False consolidation processes
2. False storage of information
3. Misinformation effect
4. Misinformation of cues
5. Recognition failure of recallable words
A 25-year-old woman is brought to you with memory deficit. The family reports that she witnessed her son died a week back, in an RTA, after which she lost her memories of the last three months. She can remember the events that happened later but not the other events that happened prior to it or during it, strictly for three months before the incident. Her mother says, she wandered purposelessly for two days and was completely disheveled on return. Reportedly, this woman has used alcohol and benzodiazepines in the past and such incidents happened in the past as well, however, she recalled the events later. On examination, registration is 3/3, short-term memory 3/3 and she appears perplexed, sometimes trying to attract the attention of everyone towards her. The rest of the assessment is unremarkable except for the presence of a scar on the forehead. What is the diagnosis?
1. Acute Stress disorder
2. Dissociative Amnesia
3. Dissociative fugue
4. Organic Amnestic syndrome
5. Post-traumatic amnesia
When tested on your memory of a list of words you would remember best the words at the beginning and end. This is known as the:
1. Acronym usage approach
2. Chunking sequelae
3. Mnemonics device
4. Production effect
5. Serial position effect
The most prominent memory deficit due to electroconvulsive therapy is:
1. Long-term episodic
2. Prospective memory
3. New learning
4. Working memory
5. Semantic memory
This would suggest that you recall information better if you are in the same psychological or pharmacological state that you were when you learned it.
1. Context-dependent
2. Display rule
3. Level of processing
4. Serial position
5. State dependent
The hippocampus helps us remember things by:
1. Allowing us perform rehearsal
2. Helping us with physical coordination
3. Helping with recoding of information
4. Remembering implicit memories
5. Transferring information to long-term memory
A type of declarative memory that is not embedded in a context is called:
1. Episodic memory
2. Implicit memory
3. Information memory
4. Procedural memory
5. Semantic memory
A 40-year-old man whom you are assessing for memory knows that President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, in 1963. What type of memory was tested?
1. Declarative
2. Episodic anterograde
3. Episodic retrograde
4. Non-declarative
5. Semantic
A 40-year-old man presented to you with complaints of poor memory. During testing, you spoke to him five digits: 91482 and asked him to arrange them mentally in ascending order. What memory is being tested?
1. Collective memory
2. Episodic memory
3. Recent memory
4. Semantic memory
5. Working memory
In patients with Korsakov syndrome, what memory process is impaired
1. Automatic encoding
2. Decay
3. Failure of registration
4. Interference
5. Retrieval failure
The most widely used memory scale is
1. Corsi block test
2. 7-item address
3. Multifactorial memory scale
4. Digit span test
5. Weschler memory scale
During clinical assessment of memory, a patient says that the capital of China is Beijing, but in the past had been called Peking. As the clinician enquired if he could recall when he learned the information, he thought for a moment and then said, “I don’t really know.” The information was likely retrieved from:
1. Emotional memory store
2. Episodic memory store
3. Implicit memory store
4. Procedural memory store
5. Semantic memory store
A 50-year-old man is being assessed for memory deficits. He is given a list of items that his has to recall after thirty minutes. The patient forgot the information that was on the middle of the list. This is an example of?
1. Encoding failure
2. Middle forgetfulness
3. Primacy effect
4. Recency effect
5. Serial position effect
A patient says he is phobic of hospitals. Every time he visits the hospital, he is reminded of the time he spent at the hospital and underwent through painful procedure while he was sick. In this scenario, the hospital represents:
1. A Deese-Roediger-McDermott factor
2. A memory trace
3. A retrieval cue
4. A context effect
5. Cue overload
Anand hears his smart older sister say, “I finished the test,” from which he inferred that she passed the test. This is best described by:
1. Cognitive interference
2. Engaging in improper encoding
3. Making a pragmatic inference
4. Succumbing to cues of information
5. Using selective abstraction
When Mike is learns something new, he then makes the information make more sense to him by using a personal example. This process is known as:
1. Distinctiveness
2. Encoding
3. Recoding
4. Rehearsal
5. Retrieval
What memory impairment is noted with alcohol intoxication
1. Automatic encoding
2. Decay
3. Failure of registration
4. Interference
5. Retrieval failure
A 70-year-old man is being assessed for dementia. During clinical testing, he is asked to name all the names of vegetables that he can recall. This type of memory performance is referred to as:
1. FAS test
2. Mnemonic performance
3. Production test
4. Recall test
5. Reconstruction test
A 60-year-old woman who is being assessed for memory deficits stats she can vividly recount the moment she heard about the events of September eleven. She recalled when she turned on the news—the images of the twin towers, the fire and the smoke she saw is permanently engraved in her brain. This scenario describes:
1. Eidetic imagery
2. False memories
3. Flashbulb memory
4. Flashbacks
5. Traumatic memories
A 40-year-old man is being evaluated for memory complaints. When a junior clinician showed him three pictures of penny with slight differences, he could not recognize the correct one. However, a senior objected to the validity of the test saying most people would not be able to recognize the correct coin. What is the best explanation?
1. Amnesia
2. Decay theory
3. Encoding failure
4. Interference
5. Retrieval failure
This effect would suggest that we remember thing that come in the beginning of the list better than those that come in the middle.
1. Priming
2. Multiple encoding
3. Primacy
4. Recency
5. Serial position
This theory of memory suggests that the deeper we understand it, the better we will remember it:
1. Atkinson-Shiffrin
2. Fitz’s theory
3. Levels of Processing
4. Long-term potentiation
5. Nash’s theory
In a class, the professor asks the students to write answer to an essay question about classical conditioning. What type of memory retrieval test would this be?
1. Cognition level 1
2. False positive
3. Recall
4. Recognition
5. Tip of the tongue
Memories that are not consciously aware, but are implied through one’s behaviour are referred to as:
1. Aware memories
2. Explicit memories
3. Implicit memories
4. Unconscious memories
5. Waking memories
What length of time are memories stored in long-term memory?
1. Around 50 years
2. Close to 30 years
3. Indefinitely
4. Until replaced
5. Variable periods
A person cramming for a test for hours not remembering anything besides the first few and last things they studied is an example of:
1. Decay theory
2. Flynn effect
3. Primacy effect
4. Recency effect
5. Serial position effect
When we just cannot get the word out that we want to use:
1. Cocktail party phenomenon
2. Semantic aphasia
3. Thought block
4. Source memory
5. Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
A 22-year-old man who is college student presented to you in the outpatient department saying he has a hard time recalling important information on the day of the exam. He says due to anxiety and excessively lengthy syllabus, he must quickly memorize everything. He said he even uses caffeine to enhance his alertness on the day of the examination even though he does not use caffeine in general. What would best explain his memory problem?
1. Interference
2. Pseudo forgetting
3. Retrieval failure
4. Serial position
5. State dependent
Which of the following is one of the three processes of memory?
1. Attention
2. Recall
3. Recognition
4. Relearning
5. Retrieval
After brain injury in a road traffic accident, a man can no longer recall the past two weeks. Which type of amnesia is he suffering from?
1. Anterograde amnesia
2. Proactive interference
3. Prospective amnesia
4. Retroactive interference
5. Retrograde amnesia
When tested on your memory of a list of words you would remember best the words at the beginning and end. This is known as the:
1. Acronym usage approach
2. Chunking sequelae
3. Primacy effect
4. Recency effect
5. Serial position effect
What brain area mediates visuospatial short-term memory?
1. Broca’s area
2. Cerebellum
3. Left occipital lobe
4. Left OFC
5. Right dlPFC
A 30-year-old woman is brought to you with memory deficits and rigid behaviour. On examination, she appears lean and weak, disheveled, is disoriented to time, has a flat affect, registration is 3/3, short term memory is 0/3 and long-term memory appears intact. She does not have any difficulty naming objects. On physical examination, her weight is 42 kg and height 152 cm. The woman says, there is nothing wrong with her, while her father says she is speaking too many lies these days. The rest of the clinical evaluation is insignificant except for chronic diarrhea and recent episodes of vomiting. Most likely diagnosis:
1. Dementia of Alzheimer’s type
2. Dissociative amnesia
3. Organic amnestic syndrome
4. Transient global amnesia
5. Wernicke encephalopathy
A 30-year-old woman is brought to you with memory deficits and rigid behaviour. On examination, she appears lean and weak, disheveled, is disoriented to time, has a flat affect, registration is 3/3, short term memory is 0/3 and long-term memory appears intact. She does not have any difficulty naming objects. On physical examination, her weight is 42 kg and height 152 cm. The woman says, there is nothing wrong with her, while her father says she is speaking too many lies these days. The rest of the clinical evaluation is insignificant except for chronic diarrhea and recent episodes of vomiting. Most likely diagnosis:
1. Dementia of Alzheimer’s type
2. Dissociative amnesia
3. Organic amnestic syndrome
4. Transient global amnesia
5. Wernicke encephalopathy
Information is shifted to short-term memory from sensory memory by:
1. Buffering
2. Concentration
3. Effortful processing
4. Encoding
5. Selective attention
This type of memory is enabling you to comprehend this question and figure out the best answer:
1. Echoic memory
2. Long-term memory
3. Semantic memory
4. Sensory memory
5. Working memory
A middle-aged man is depressed, when you asked him to think about the good times from the past, he only recounted the negative events and said his past is filled with gloomy memories. This is an example of?
1. Context-dependent memories
2. Mood-congruent memory
3. Recall bias
4. Reinstatement effect
5. State-dependent memory
During assessment, a patient suspected to have dementia was reminiscing about old times. He could not recount the details of a trip he had with his family to London. What part of the three-stage memory is he having problem with?
1. Consolidation
2. Consolidation or retrieval
3. Encoding
4. Retrieval
5. Selective attention
What is the first stage of memory?
1. Consolidation
2. Registration
3. Selective attention
4. Sensory memory
5. Short term memory
This type of memory only lasts about 1-2 seconds; we consider it our filtering memory.
1. Episodic
2. Iconic
3. Semantic
4. Sensory
5. Short term
Which of the following is one of the systems of memory stores?
1. Encoding
2. Immediate
3. Recent
4. Sensory
5. Storage
Autobiographical memory forms the core of an individual’s:
1. Constitution
2. Coping style
3. Intelligence
4. Personal identity
5. Personality
What happens to a memory, which makes it to short-term memory, if it is unrehearsed for 30 seconds?
1. Consolidation
2. Decay
3. Encoded
4. Lost
5. Retrieved
Ability to carry out planned actions on the expected times is called:
1. Anterograde memory
2. Concentration
3. Episodic memory
4. Prospective memory
5. Temporal memory
Most likely cause of long-term forgetting is:
1. Decay
2. Prospective interference
3. Pseudo forgetting
4. Retrieval failure
5. Retrospective interference
Thinking about strawberry makes one think of strawberry-jam, shortcake, and milkshake. This occurs because of:
1. Attenuation
2. Cueing
3. Habituation
4. Priming
5. Situational modeling
A 30-year-old woman with post-traumatic stress disorder cannot remember the details of the torture she experienced. This is an example of:
1. Encoding failure
2. Interference
3. Memory decay
4. Motivated forgetting
5. Pseudo forgetting
A 40-year-old man presented you in the outpatient department with amnesia of events that have happened in the last three months. Three months ago, he had a road traffic accident. Typically, such patients have experienced damage to the:
1. Cerebellum
2. Cortex
3. Frontal lobes
4. Hippocampus
5. Thalamus
The cerebellum is an important structure in the creation and storage of:
1. Declarative memories
2. Emotional memories
3. Explicit memories
4. Implicit memories
5. Prospective memories
A 30-year-old woman presented to you in the outpatient department with recent-onset memory problems. She has difficulty learning new information, but is alert and oriented to time, place, and person. This began after road-side accident. Where is the lesion most likely?
1. Dorsal striatum
2. Entorhinal cortex
3. Hippocampus
4. Medial temporal lobe
5. Thalamus
The Atkinson & Shiffrin “modal model” of memory posited that human memory has:
1. Iconic and echoic components
2. Semantic processing
3. Three stages
4. Three stores
5. Visuospatial sketchpad
Mood-congruent memory is best described as:
1. Alertness to cues of danger when fearful
2. Enhanced memory recall when elated
3. Poor memory and concentration when depression
4. The tendency to better recall events consistent with our mood
5. The tendency to remember sad events when depressed
The modification of memories in terms of one’s general attitude is called
1. Blocking
2. Confabulation
3. False memory syndrome
4. Retrospective falsification
5. Transience
If new experiences disrupt recall of old experiences, this is referred to as:
1. Proactive interference
2. Recall bias
3. Retrieval failure
4. Retroactive interference
5. Simply forgetting
Which of the following would demonstrate declarative memories?
1. Being able to drive a bike
2. Emotional memories associated with a place
3. Good handwriting
4. Knowledge of how to drive a car
5. Priming
When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they “hang” their memories on. This technique to enhance memory is called:
1. Cue technique
2. Memory palace technique
3. Mnemonic word technique
4. Peg word technique
5. Word aid technique
Which of the following best describes a flashbulb memory?
1. Better recall of a typical event than an unusual event
2. No memory of times when they were high on alcohol
3. Poor memory of some momentous and emotional event
4. Vivid memory of some momentous and emotional event
5. Worse memory for an unusual event than typical events
During the assessment, a clinician was busy writing notes while pretending to be listening to the patient as well. When the clinician stops writing, he asks a question from the patient that he had just answered. The most likely factor why the clinician was not being able to retrieve the information is:
1. Avoiding eye contact
2. Context dependent memory
3. Divided attention
4. Encoding failure
5. Lack of rehearsal
During frontal lobe assessment, a patient performs the conflicting instructions tests where he taps once when the examiner taps twice and taps twice when the examiner taps one. In the next test, the Go-no-Go test, the order is reversed. Some patients, however, fail to learn the new patter. This failure to learn the new pattern is best explained by:
1. Cue overload
2. Memory traces/engrams
3. Priming
4. Proactive interference
5. Retroactive interference
“Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally” (PEMDAS) is a way math teachers help their students remember the order of operations, that is, Parentheses à Exponents à Multiplication and Division à Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of:
1. Cues of retrieval
2. Deese-Roediger-McDermott effect
3. Memory palaces
4. Mnemonic devices
5. Peg word technique
In a study, researchers showed the same video to two groups of participants. They told the first group that it was a video about two people engaged in an unfriendly disagreement and the other group that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively chat. The first group were more likely, later, to falsely report the people in the video were shouting, frowning, and angry. This best explained by:
1. Cue overload
2. Hindsight bias
3. Misattribution effect
4. Misinformation effect
5. Recall bias
A 60-year-old man presented to you in the outpatient department with memory complaints. During the assessment, you give him three items, pen, paper, and pencil, and he was able to correctly recall all the three items five minutes later. A senior pointed out that the items were easily recalled because they were related. What are this phenomenon?
1. Intergroup bias
2. Lexicon
3. Potentiation
4. Priming
5. Situation modelling
Regarding the levels of processing of information during memory encoding, intermediate processing means:
1. How does the item smell like?
2. What does it look and sound like?
3. What does the term look like?
4. What does the term sound like?
5. What is the meaning of the term?
This type of memory only lasts about 1-2 seconds. We consider it our filtering memory:
1. Attention
2. Episodic memory
3. Semantic memory
4. Sensory memory
5. Short term memory
What brain area mediates phonological short-term memory?
1. Cerebellum
2. Left occipital lobe
3. Left prefrontal cortex
4. Right parietal area
5. Wernicke area
When he was 27 years old, H.M. had a surgery to remove a structure in the brain. The surgery reduced his epileptic seizures but also resulted in an inability to form new memories. What structure was this?
1. Amygdala
2. Basal ganglia
3. Entorhinal cortex
4. Hippocampus
5. Visual cortex
During a trial in a court, an attorney asks the witness in court, ” How fast were the cars going when they SMASHED into each other?” On which the opposing attorney immediately responds with an “Objection.” The statement is:
1. Confusing
2. Influencing
3. Leading
4. Misleading
5. Unethical
Which of the following types of memory deals with a person’s ability to remember things like riding a bicycle?
1. Emotional memories
2. Episodic memories
3. Implicit memories
4. Procedural memories
5. Semantic memories
Situation specific amnesia may arise in patients with:
1. Adjustment disorder
2. Alcohol use disorder
3. Depressive disorder
4. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
5. Post-traumatic stress disorder
The hippocampus helps us remember things by:
1. Helping to retrieve information from long term stores
2. Helping us comprehend information
3. Helping with deeper processing of information
4. Helping with the reinstatement effect
5. Transferring information from short-term to long-term memory
The umbrella term for the memory model:
1. Atkinson Shiffrin model
2. Baddeley model
3. Central executive model
4. George miller model
5. Information processing model
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect
1. Concentration
2. Divided attention
3. Focused attention
4. Selective attention
5. Sustained attention
When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called:
1. Altruism
2. Balance
3. Intimacy
4. Reciprocity
5. Social exchange
This type of memory allows to ignore all unimportant stimuli in the environment:
1. Episodic memory
2. Long-term memory
3. Semantic memory
4. Sensory memory
5. Working memory
The act of retrieval can improve the information just retrieved and increases the likelihood it will be retrieved again; a phenomenon called the:
1. Long-term potentiation
2. Recoding phenomenon
3. Rehearsal effect
4. Retrieval practice effect
5. Testing effect
A 30-year-old woman is brought to you with memory deficits and rigid behaviour. On examination, she appears lean and weak, disheveled, is disoriented to time, has a flat affect, registration is 3/3, short term memory is 0/3 and long-term memory appears intact. She does not have any difficulty naming objects. On physical examination, her weight is 42 kg and height 152 cm. The woman says, there is nothing wrong with her, while her father says she is speaking too many lies these days. The rest of the clinical evaluation is insignificant except for chronic diarrhea and recent episodes of vomiting. What finding will you look for, on MRI?
1. Empty Sella sign
2. Face of giant panda sign
3. Hippocampal atrophy
4. Increased signal in midline structures
5. Periventricular signal change
What type of long-term memory cannot be consciously inspected?
1. Autobiographical memories
2. Declarative memories
3. Episodic memories
4. Implicit memories
5. Semantic memories
Which of the following is an example of effortful processing?
1. Apply content to self
2. Chunking
3. Mnemonics
4. Rehearsal
5. Visual encoding
The cerebellum is an important structure in the creation and storage of:
1. Declarative memories
2. Emotional memories
3. Explicit memories
4. Procedural memories
5. Prospective memories
The act of retrieval can have both positive and negative outcomes. One negative outcome is that it harms related information causing a person to forget such related information, a phenomenon called:
1. Negative rehearsal
2. Recoding failure
3. Retrieval practice effect
4. Retrieval-induced forgetting
5. Retroactive interference
A woman admitted to the ICU is not able to recall memories. Three weeks earlier, a group of robbers had severely beaten her and left her for dead after robbing her at her home because she was showing resistance. She spent a few weeks in a coma. Two days after you assess her, she is able to recognize you and could recall her first assessment by you. Which type of amnesia does she have?
1. Acute amnesia
2. Anterograde amnesia
3. Infantile amnesia
4. Retrograde amnesia
5. Retrospective amnesia
When you remember something that you already learned to be able to manipulate it in working memory, the process is known as:
1. Encoding
2. Recoding
3. Rehearsal
4. Retrieval
5. Storage
A 55-year-old man with mild presenile dementia has difficulty naming objects and people, recalling important events from past, but can continue to drive without difficulty. What type of memory is preserved in this patient?
1. Declarative
2. Episodic
3. Explicit
4. Implicit
5. Semantic
Which one among the following refers to the act of bringing past experiences as they happened into conscious awareness?
1. Recall
2. Recoding
3. Recognition
4. Reintegration
5. Relearning
A 30-year-old woman presented to you in the outpatient department with recent-onset memory problems. She has difficulty learning new information, but is alert and oriented to time, place, and person. This began after road-side accident. Where is the lesion most likely?
1. Dorsal striatum
2. Entorhinal cortex
3. Hippocampus
4. Medial temporal lobe
5. Thalamus
A 30-year-old woman presented to you in the outpatient department with recent-onset memory problems. She has difficulty learning new information, but is alert and oriented to time, place, and person. This began after road-side accident. Where is the lesion most likely?
1. Dorsal striatum
2. Entorhinal cortex
3. Hippocampus
4. Medial temporal lobe
5. Thalamus
Fill-in-the blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as:
1. Encoding is to recall
2. Encoding is to storage
3. Recall is to recognition
4. Recognition is to recall
5. Storage is to be encoding
A 50-year-old woman who is being assessed for dementia was trying to remember a conversation she had had with one of her friends, when you asked her to recall about her last birthday party, she was trying to access her:
1. Emotional memory
2. Episodic memory
3. Iconic memory
4. Implicit memory
5. Semantic memory
You falsely recognize a definition term on an exam, remembering the word but not the concept. On the exam you write the wrong answer. This is an example of:
1. Forgetting
2. Misremembering
3. Pseudo forgetting
4. Recall error
5. Recognition error
An unusual event, typically in the context of similar events, will be recalled and recognized better than uniform events. This is the principle of:
1. Cue exposure
2. Distinctiveness
3. Misinformation
4. Recoding
5. Reinstatement
A test of short-term visual memory is:
1. Bender gestalt
2. BVRT
3. Hayling test
4. Weschler memory scale
5. NART
It is more difficult to learn the ICD-11 for those who have studied and practiced on the lCD-10 for years than for those who are new to psychiatry and learning the ICD-11 for the first time, without having ever studied the ICD-10. This difference is best explained by:
1. Encoding failure
2. Proactive interference
3. Pseudo forgetting
4. Retrieval failure
5. Retroactive interference
Our experiences that directly impact our brain though neural processes are referred to as:
1. Cue overload
2. Engrams
3. Mnemonic devices
4. Parallel distribution network
5. Retrieval cues
The capacity of working memory (short-term memory) is reduced in children with ADHD because of:
1. Cognitive interference
2. Distractibility
3. Impulsivity
4. Intrusions
5. Poor involvement
A 30-year-old woman presented to you in the outpatient department with symptoms of depression and reports she is preoccupied with sad thoughts most of the time. The patient also reports forgetfulness in day-today activities and often forgets where she kept a particular item. Her memory difficulties are most likely due to:
1. Amnestic syndrome
2. Automatic processing
3. Effortful processing
4. Priming
5. State-dependent memory
After changing the pin code of his smartphone, a boy forgets the pin code of his iPad. He is experiencing:
1. Encoding failure
2. Proactive interference
3. Repression
4. Retroactive interference
5. Storage failure
When information is unable to be processed into memory:
1. Decay
2. Encoding failure
3. False memory
4. Memory trace
5. Pseudo forgetting
A 70-year-old man with suspected dementia is given a list of ten words to remember. When he is asked to repeat the words, he can only remember the first four words. What is this concept referred to as?
1. Light effect
2. Primacy effect
3. Recency effect
4. Retrieval effect
5. Serial position effect
Which part of the brain is responsible for storing semantic memories?
1. Entorhinal cortex
2. Hippocampus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Occipital lobe
5. Thalamus
A 65-year-old man presented to you with memory deficits for the last two years. On the assessment of his memory, he was not able to recall the memories of his most recent birthday, though he could recall memories from a birthday five years ago. Which type of memory impairment does he have?
1. Anterograde learning
2. Episodic memories
3. Global deficits
4. Long-term retrograde
5. Semantic memory
Forgetting happens when one’s memory fades over time, especially short-term memories and recent memories. This phenomenon is best explained by:
1. Decay theory
2. Encoding failure
3. Motivated forgetting
4. Proactive interference
5. Retroactive interference
A 50-year-old man presented to you with complaints of poor memory. When you asked him about his memories of last birthday party, he could recount them well. This was a test of his:
1. Episodic memory
2. Procedural memory
3. Semantic memory
4. Sensory memory
5. Short term memory
George Miller’s model of short-term memory is about
1. Capacity of Storage
2. Central executive memory
3. Levels of encoding
4. Phonological loop memory
5. Visuo-spatial memory
Auditory memory in the sensory store is known as
1. Echoic
2. Iconic
3. Phoneme
4. Phonological
5. Verbal
A 21-year-old student presented to you in the outpatient department saying she has a hard time recalling important information on the day of the exam. She says initially she memorizes everything very well but as the time nears, she has forgotten most of the important facts that she learnt early during her preparation, but she can never find time to revise her course. What would best explain her problem?
1. Decay theory
2. Encoding failure
3. Interference
4. Pseudoforgetting
5. Retrieval failure
People can only attend to one physical channel of information at a time. ‘Which theory of attention states this?
1. Attenuator model of selective attention
2. Broadbent’s filter theory of attention
3. Cocktail party phenomenon
4. Dichotic listening experiments
5. Shiffrin and Schneider’s divided attention theory
What people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations:
1. Cognitive hypothesis
2. Constructive memory approach
3. Narrative rehearsal hypothesis
4. Pragmatic inference hypothesis
5. Total time hypothesis
A 70-year-old man with dementia is being assessed for memory deficits. During the assessment, he recounts a day when he was driving for work and saw people gathered around a location where a bomb had blasted and had killed forty-five. The man could recall much about his drive for work on that day but not about his usual drives. Which memory concept best explains this phenomenon?
1. Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect
2. Distinctiveness
3. Parallel-distribution-processing
4. Proactive interference
5. Retroactive interference
A 20-year-old man presented to you in the outpatient department with symptoms of depression. When you asked him to try and recall some pleasant events from the past instead of brooding over his problems, he said his past is packed with depressive memories. This is best explained by:
1. Mood-congruent memories
2. Pseudo-forgetting
3. Retrieval failure
4. Selective abstraction
5. State-dependent memories
The storage model we use which falls under the Information Processing Model is
1. Atkinson Shiffrin model
2. Baddeley’s model
3. Miller’s model
4. Parallel distributed processing
5. Tulving’s model
When someone links latest information to past information, they are:
1. Enriching Encoding with Elaboration
2. Enriching Encoding with Imagery
3. Enriching Encoding with Self-Reference
4. Excluding retrograde interference
5. Involving retrograde interference
A 50-year-old man presented to you in the outpatient department with complaints of poor memory. During cognitive testing, you asked him to memorize a list of letters that included v,q,y, and j without ensuring registration. He later recalled these letters as e,u,L, and k, suggesting that the original letters had been encoded:
1. Acoustic
2. Automatic
3. Elaborate
4. Semantic
5. Visual
What are the two types of processing of sensory information?
1. Deep and shallow
2. Effortful and automatic
3. Iconic and echoic
4. Short-term and sensory
5. Visual and auditory
According to the multi-store model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, the three types of memory stores are:
1. Encoding, storage and retrieval
2. Sensory, short-term, long-term
3. Short term, recent and long-term
4. Storage, organization and long-term
5. Working, short-term and long-term
Which part of the brain is responsible for storing semantic memories?
1. Entorhinal cortex
2. Hippocampus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Occipital lobe
5. Thalamus
Regarding memory, the theory of the spacing effect states that:
1. Cramming is the best way for long-term memories
2. Encoding is more effective when practice is distributed over time
3. Memory consolidation takes place during rest
4. Memory is enhanced with repeated rehearsal and overlearning
5. We learn better by chunking and using mnemonics
Exploring into one’s memory to figure out what they did three days ago:
1. Cocktail phenomenon
2. Reconsolidation
3. Reality monitoring
4. Reinstating the context
5. Source monitoring
Sensory memory has these two types:
1. Deep and shallow
2. Iconic and echoic
3. Short Term and working
4. Visual and auditory
5. Working and long-term
A 70-year-old man with dementia is brough to your office by his son, who reports that his father would often awaken early in the morning and say he is going to farm fields as he would do years ago, even though they are now living away from the farm in a distant new city. The patient’s behaviour is best explained by:
1. Encoding failure
2. Proactive interference
3. Pseudo forgetting
4. Retroactive interference
5. Storage failure
A student states during assessment that his exam is pending 10 days later. He can learn everything in 16 hours on his best estimate. The student says he will be studying 16 hours the day before exam to make sure he best recalls everything for the exam. What advise will you give?
1. Study 2 hour per day for last six days
2. Study 3 hour daily for 6 days or more
3. Study 8 hours daily last two days
4. Study for 16 hours the day before exam
5. Study one hour per day instead
Famous for Leading Questions and False Memories Research:
1. Atkinson
2. Ebbinghaus
3. Elizabeth Loftus
4. George Bartlett
5. George Miller
What causes anterograde amnesia?
1. Automatic encoding
2. Failure of consolidation
3. Poor concentration
4. Retrieval failure
5. Retroactive interference
A 70-year-old man who is suspected of having dementia of Alzheimer’s types is tested for recent, long and short-term memories. His short-term memory was 1/3 but he was able to recount where he was and what exactly he was doing during the huge earthquake of October 2005. This is best described by:
1. Confabulation phenomena
2. Flashbulb memories
3. Flashbacks
4. Repression of memories
5. Ribot’s law of amnesia
A 30-year-old woman with post-traumatic stress disorder cannot remember the details of the torture she experienced. According to Freud, her failure to remember these painful memories is an example of:
1. Flashbulb memories
2. Repressed memories
3. Retrieval failure
4. State-dependent memory
5. Suppressed memories
A young student presents to you with complaint of poor memory. On assessment, it was reveled that he only sleeps 4 hour a night. His memory is poor because memory consolidation occurs during:
1. Awake state
2. REM sleep
3. Slow wave sleep
4. Stage 1 sleep
5. Stage 2 sleep
Tip of the tongue state is a well investigated example of
1. Absentmindedness
2. Blocking
3. Encoding failure
4. Pseudo forgetting
5. Transience
A 30-year-old woman presents to you in the emergency department by an ambulance after police officers were informed by her next-door-neighbor, who suspected rape and robbery by a couple of trespassers. The woman is completely alert and well-oriented to time, place, and person but she cannot recollect anything of the occurrence. Which of the following is the most probable cause of this deficit?
1. Depersonalization disorder
2. Dissociative amnesia
3. Dissociative Fugue state
4. Traumatic brain injury
5. Volitional memory loss
A 21-year-old student presented to you in the outpatient department for a follow up visit. She initially presented to you with memory deficits but now says her memory has improved. She would never revise the contents before taking exams but now rehearses the most important topics repeatedly. What part of the brain is responsible for improved performance?
1. Cerebellum
2. Hippocampus
3. Medulla
4. Midbrain
5. Temporal lobe
A young, 20-year-old college student presented to you in the outpatient department saying he has a tough time recalling essential information on the day of the exam. He says he can easily recall the stories but often forgets dates and numbers. What memory deficits does he show?
1. Episodic
2. Semantic
3. Sensory
4. Short term
5. Working
To help students better understand, a teacher should use least words and more visual elaboration on a slideshow. This is best explained by:
1. Atkinson and Shiffrin model
2. Baddeley’s model of working memory
3. Geroge Miller’s magical number
4. Information processing theory
5. Peterson and Peterson’s hypothesis
This is the process of getting information into memory:
1. Buffering
2. Encoding
3. Perception
4. Potentiation
5. Retrieval
When John heard about fishing while in conversation with friends, he told them with excitement about the strange fish that he caught over the summer when he was on vacation in the North. Which type of long-term memory is John using?
1. Emotional memory
2. Episodic memory
3. Iconic memory
4. Procedural memory
5. Semantic memory
An elderly man with dementia described the memories of an event from that occurred around 40 years ago, after seeing pictures with friends from an event. This is an example of what retrieval concept?
1. Memory re-construction
2. Recall
3. Recognition
4. Reinstatement
5. Relearning
A middle-aged man suffered from a brain injury in a road traffic accident two months ago. On assessment, it was found that he could remember events that happened before the accident but had difficulty remembering events that happened recently. Which type of amnesia does he have?
1. Acute amnesia
2. Anterograde amnesia
3. Prospective amnesia
4. Psychogenic amnesia
5. Retrograde amnesia
War of the Ghosts and the Misinformation Effect
1. Baddeley
2. Bartlett
3. Ebbinghaus
4. George Miller
5. Loftus
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the
1. Cognitive hypothesis of memory
2. Constructive memory approach
3. Narrative rehearsal hypothesis
4. Pragmatic inference hypothesis
5. Total time hypothesis
A young, 20-year-old college student presented to you in the outpatient department saying he has a hard time recalling important information on the day of the exam. He says due to anxiety and excessively lengthy syllabus, he must quickly memorize things using “rote memory technique.” What theory best explains his poor memory?
1. Atkinson-Shiffrin
2. Fitz’s theory
3. Levels of processing
4. Nash’s theory
5. Ribot’s law
Attending to a particular stimulus while ignoring others:
1. Concentration
2. Divided attention
3. Focused attention
4. Selective attention
5. Sustained attention
Which one of the following is test of selective attention?
1. 3-word learning test
2. Digit span test
3. Flanker task
4. Rey-Osterrieth test
5. Wechsler memory scale
After attention, the three steps to encoding are:
1. Echoic, iconic, visual
2. Elaboration, Imagery and Self-Reference
3. Encoding, Storage and Retrieval
4. Sensory, Short Time and Long Term
5. Shallow, Intermediate and Deep
The first step to encoding is:
1. Concentration
2. Elaboration
3. Paying attention
4. Sensory memory
5. Shallow encoding
The three key processes for memory are:
1. Attention, concentration, rehearsal
2. Elaboration, imagery and self-referent questions
3. Encoding, storage and retrieval
4. Sensory, short-term and long-term memory
5. Shallow, intermediate and deep
An example of a flashbulb memory:
1. A memory under heavy alcohol use
2. A traumatic event intrudes
3. Memories of 9/11
4. Memories of college graduation
5. Visual imagery as if ecstasy again
A group of researchers gave participants a word list to be recalled later. The list included the words table, restaurant, food, spoon, plate, meal, and server. Later, when asked to recall the words, many participants accidentally included the word dinner, even though it was not on the list. This phenomenon is known as:
1. Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect
2. Primacy effect
3. Proactive interference
4. Retroactive interference
5. Serial position effect
At which stage does memory failure typically occur?
1. Any stage of memory
2. Encoding or retrieval
3. Encoding or storage
4. Retrieval stage
5. Storage or retrieval
A 70-year-old man is admitted to your ward for the management of dementia. While you were assessing his long-term memories, you asked him about his teachers in school. He wanted to say a name but could not, so he mentally recited the names of other teachers at the time. His efforts to refresh his memory by activating related associations is an example of:
1. State dependent memories
2. Source monitoring
3. Priming
4. Reinstatement
5. Context cue
The parts of the brain important for 1) getting explicit memories to your long-term memory, and 2) storing implicit memories respectively are:
1. Amygdala, cerebellum
2. Cerebellum, hippocampus
3. Hippocampus, cerebellum
4. Hippocampus, lobes
5. Hippocampus, thalamus
Which of the following types of memory deals with a person’s recollection of specific events or episodes from their lives?
1. Declarative
2. Emotional
3. Episodic
4. Non-declarative
5. Semantic
We are more likely to remember something when the conditions present at the time we encoded it are also present at retrieval:
1. Context dependent learning
2. Cues of recall
3. Encoding specificity principle
4. Primacy effect
5. Reinstatement effect
A middle-aged man develops amnesia following traumatic brain injury in a road traffic accident three months back involving injury to the hippocampus in medial temporal lobe. What type of memory would be spared in this patient?
1. Episodic memory
2. New learning
3. Procedural memory
4. Prospective memories
5. Semantic memory
The commonest cause of long-term forgetting is
1. Blocking
2. Encoding failure
3. Failure of retrieval
4. Lack of long-term potentiation
5. State dependent memories
Regarding human memory, how many bits of information does Miller say an average person can chunk at best?
1. Five
2. Four
3. Nine
4. Seven
5. Twelve
A young, 20-year-old college student presented to you in the outpatient department saying he has a hard time recalling important information on the day of the exam. He says due to anxiety and excessively lengthy syllabus, he must quickly memorize everything. Among several things, he reported forgetting items from the middle of the list. What effect best explains this?
1. Decay
2. Interference
3. Primacy
4. Pseudo forgetting
5. Shallow processing
What memory is most affected by ageing?
1. Long-term
2. Procedural
3. Recent memories (few days)
4. Short-term (5 minutes)
5. Working memory
Weighting information into memory depending upon its importance:
1. Clustering and hierarchies
2. Context dependent learning
3. PDP model
4. Schema
5. Semantic network
Visual memory in the sensory store is known as
1. Echoic
2. Eidetic
3. Iconic
4. Illusionary
5. Visuospatial
Regarding the levels of processing of information during memory encoding, shallow processing means:
1. What does it mean and how does it look like?
2. What does the term look and sound like?
3. What does the term look like?
4. What does the term mean?
5. What does the term sound like?
A 60-year-old man is being assessed for dementia. Digit span test is applied to assess his working memory. His working memory would be unimpaired if the result is:
1. 10 ± 2 digits
2. 4 ± 3 digits
3. 5 ± 2 digits
4. 7 ± 1 digits
5. 7 ± 2 digits
A 24-year-old medical student was rushed by ambulance to the emergency department after an accident on his motorcycle. On examination, he had shown evidence of head injury. The attendant stated that he lost consciousness for a very short time. After a week in the intensive care unit, the patient’s condition changed. You talked to him, but he does not remember what happened and why he is in hospital. The nurse on duty told that he takes her as his girlfriend and talks very intimately. Choose the best term for the nurse’s statement:
1. Amnesia
2. Confabulation
3. Delusional misidentification
4. Prosopagnosia
5. Reduplicative paramnesia
Trying to better recall something correctly with the help of questions like: where did I hear that? Where did I read that? Is an example of:
1. Reality monitoring
2. Reinstating the Context
3. Source monitoring
4. Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
5. Using cues to aid retrieval
To enhance quick encoding and recall of information, some people use elaborate scenes with discrete places, a technique known as:
1. Memory palace technique
2. Mnemonic device technique
3. Peg word technique
4. Retroactive cues
5. The specificity principle
While recalling an event, a person is thinking to decide whether the event really happened, or he just dreamt of it. This is called:
1. Reality monitoring
2. Reinstating the Context
3. Source monitoring
4. Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
5. Total time phenomenon
Organizing information for storage and retrieval by classification is called:
1. Clustering and hierarchies
2. Context dependent learning
3. PDP model
4. Schemas
5. Semantic networks
To be effective, a retrieval cue must be unique according to the principle of:
1. Cue overload
2. Distinctiveness
3. DRM effect
4. Reinstatement effect
5. Source monitoring
A after administering the digit span test, the patient is immediately asked to count a three-digit number backwards. This procedure is called:
1. Brown Paterson Task
2. Cognitive inhibition task
3. Concentration task
4. Conflicting instructions
5. Digit reversal test
In a patient with alcoholic blackouts, the memory deficit seen is best described as:
1. Anterograde amnesia
2. Dissociative amnesia
3. Organic amnestic syndrome
4. Retrograde amnesia
5. Transient global amnesia
A 45-year-old man presented with memory problems along with social and occupational impairment. He had difficulty with learning new information and making appropriate plans. He retained the ability to perform daily activities but during the interview, he was observed to give a vivid and detailed but wholly fictitious account of recent activities, which the patient believes to be true. On mental status examination older memories being better preserved, emotional blunting and inertia were observed. Lack of insight into his condition All these symptoms precipitated after a suicide attempt with vehicle exhaustion. Digit span test is typically normal. He was noted to respond immediately to firmly set limits and rewards, but deficits in memory prevented long-term incorporation of these boundaries. New learning is grossly defective. And hence concluded amnestic disorder. Which area typically produce “purest” amnesia.
1. Medial temporal lobe
2. Non-dominant parietal lobe
3. Occipital lobe
4. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
5. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
A memory that you can describe aloud in words is known as
1. Declarative memory
2. Implicit memory
3. Procedural memory
4. Prospective memory
5. Semantic memory
The cause of anterograde amnesia is:
1. Inability to form new memories
2. Loss of prospective memory
3. Failure of encoding
4. Failure to recall memories in future
5. Failure to recall recent memories
Baddeley calls reciting information for memory as:
1. Buffering
2. Central executive system
3. Decoding
4. Phonological loop
5. Visuospatial sketchpad
What is the storage capacity of short-term memory?
1. 3—5 items
2. 7 +/- 2 items
3. Infinite
4. Three items
5. Twelve items
Short-term memory, as according to the three-stage memory model, lasts approximately:
1. 20-30 seconds
2. 24 hours
3. 30 minutes
4. 5 minutes
5. Less than 1 second
A patient had an injury to the head eight weeks ago. He developed post-traumatic amnesia after the incident and cannot recall events from the past two months. He has:
1. Anterograde amnesia.
2. Episodic amnesia
3. Global amnesia
4. Retrograde amnesia
5. Semantic amnesia
Jake meets Jill at a coffee shop. They hit it off, and he asks for her number, but sadly he does not have his phone or a pen. He tells Jill to tell it to him and he will remember. As Jake hears the phone number, he breaks up the numbers into small bits so he can remember it later. What is this referred to as?
1. Chunking
2. Maintenance
3. Priming
4. Rehearsal
5. Retrieval
A set of mental operations that converts sensory information into a form usable in the brain’s storage systems.
1. Encoding
2. Perception
3. Potentiation
4. Retrieval
5. Storage
According to Daniel Schacter, blocking occurs when:
1. Encoding failure occurs due to interference
2. Our beliefs influence our recollections
3. Our inattention to details produces encoding failures
4. Retrieval occurs because of decay
5. We confuse the source of information
Episodic memory is the memory system of the brains that holds:
1. Autobiographical knowledge
2. Conditioned reflexes
3. Generalized knowledge
4. Knowledge required for reading
5. Perceptual motor skills
A process that occurs after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces:
1. Consolidation
2. Inferences
3. Potentiation
4. Recoding
5. Retrieval
A young student comes to class every day and sits in the same seat. On the day of the test, she gets to class early to make sure she sits in her seat. What would be the reason for this student ensuring she is in the same seat for the test?
1. Context-dependent
2. Habituation
3. Priming
4. Retrieval cues
5. State-dependent
The neuropathological findings in patients with Korsakoff syndrome include:
1. Gliosis
2. Infarction
3. Lewy bodies
4. Senile plaques
5. Synaptic dysfunction
Mr. Y is admitted to a medical ward with a diagnosis of delirium. The cognitive deficit that is characteristic of delirium is
1. Clouding of consciousness
2. Disorientation for time
3. Long term memory impairment
4. Poor concentration
5. Short term memory impairment
George has a history of anxiety disorder. On visiting a church, he developed a sense of familiarity because his stored memories were brought into his consciousness. This phenomenon is called:
1. Déjà Vu
2. False memory syndrome
3. Jamais vu
4. Recognition
5. Retrospective falsification
The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by:
1. Atkinson and Shiffrin
2. Baddeley
3. George sperling
4. Herman Ebbinghaus
5. Loftus and Palmer
Mood-congruent memories are best described as:
1. Context dependent memories
2. Cue-dependent memories
3. Emotional memories
4. Non-declarative memories
5. Retrieval enhanced memories
Gaps in memory are filled by a vivid and detailed but wholly fictitious account of recent activities, which the patient believes to be true in patients with amnestic syndrome. This is called:
1. Confabulation
2. Distortion
3. Hindsight bias
4. Misremembering
5. Pseudo forgetting

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